What are the types of spontaneous mutation?

What are the types of spontaneous mutation?

Spontaneous mutations can be generated by different processes. Replication errors and spontaneous lesions generate most of the base-substitution and frameshift mutations. Replication errors may also cause some deletions that occur in the absence of mutagenic treatment.

What are the different types of DNA damage?

DNA damage can be subdivided into two types: (1) endogenous damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are derived from metabolic byproducts and (2) exogenous damage caused by radiation (UV, X-ray, gamma), hydrolysis, plant toxins, and viruses.

What are the three types of DNA damage?

DNA bases can be damaged by: (1) oxidative processes, (2) alkylation of bases, (3) base loss caused by the hydrolysis of bases, (4) bulky adduct formation, (5) DNA crosslinking, and (6) DNA strand breaks, including single and double stranded breaks. An overview of these types of damage are described below.

What are the 4 types of DNA repair?

At least five major DNA repair pathways—base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)—are active throughout different stages of the cell cycle, allowing the cells to repair the DNA damage.

What is the difference between a spontaneous and induced mutation?

The three sources of spontaneous mutations are the errors in DNA replication, spontaneous lesions like depurination and deamination, and transposable genetic elements. Induced mutations occur due to the incorporation of base analogs, base mispairing, and base damage produced due to mutagens.

What are DNA damaging agents?

DNA damaging agents are widely used in oncology to treat both hematological and solid cancers. Some commonly used modalities include ionizing radiation, platinum drugs (cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin), cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and temozolomide.

What is the difference between DNA damage and mutation?

Although both DNA damage and DNA mutation are types of error in DNA, they are distinctly different from each other. DNA damages are physical abnormalities in DNA such as single- and double-strand breaks, while a mutation is a change in the base sequence of the DNA.

What is the simplest DNA repair system?

The simplest and most accurate repair mechanism is the direct reversal of damage in a single-step reaction. The enzymatic photoreactivation of a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), which is the major product of UVB and UVC radiation, by DNA photolyase is the prototype of this type of reaction.

Can your DNA change in your lifetime?

Our DNA changes as we age. Some of these changes are epigenetic—they modify DNA without altering the genetic sequence itself. Previous studies have shown that levels of one type of epigenetic modification, called DNA methylation, roughly reflect a person’s age.

What disease is caused by silent mutation?

Likewise, silent mutations that cause such skipping of exon excision have been identified in genes thought to play roles in genetic disorders such as Laron dwarfism, Crouzon syndrome, β+-thalassemia, and phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (phenylketonuria (PKU)).

What are the types of spontaneous mutation? Spontaneous mutations can be generated by different processes. Replication errors and spontaneous lesions generate most of the base-substitution and frameshift mutations. Replication errors may also cause some deletions that occur in the absence of mutagenic treatment. What are the different types of DNA damage? DNA damage can be…